THE EVOLUTION OF CARIBBEAN SOCIAL POLICY Essay - 3323 Words

THE EVOLUTION OF CARIBBEAN SOCIAL POLICY: Reasons for the Changes and Shifts in the Social Policy Agenda From the 1940’s to the Present Period. Social Policy may be broadly defined as a system of social welfare that includes economic as well as non-economic objectives and involves some measure of progressive redistribution in command over resources1. Using Mishra’s typology of social welfare models (see Fig. 1 below), this paper describes the evolution of social policy in the English-speaking Caribbean. Drawing primarily from the experiences of Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica, four chronological periods are used to highlight the factors contributing to the major developments in social policy: 1) the Immediate Post-War Period and the†¦show more content†¦Prior to the report, state social welfare was strongly residual in nature: non-statutory organizations were the primary providers of social services and state involvement when provided, was at a minimal, targeting the neediest in society, and punitive in nature. For example, in Trinidad and Tobago (Tamp;T) and Jamaica, churches were the main providers of educa tion, and this was generally limited to the privileged few (Campbell, 1997; Cumber, 1972). In Jamaica, privately financed organizations such as Jamaica Welfare Ltd. were the engineers of community development programs. The statutory health services in the Caribbean were myopic inShow MoreRelatedModern Historical Debate Surrounding The Anglo-American1682 Words   |  7 Pagesprimarily around the extent to which this relationship is overstated, causal, and/or an appropriate explanation for the termination of both the slave trade and slavery. During the 1960s and 1970s, Williams’ argument that the declining profitability of Caribbean plantations provided the impetus for abolition generally fell into disfavor, as academics like Roger T. Anstey, Stanley Engerman, John Clegg, and Seymour Drescher persuasively deemphasized West Indian economic conditions in support of metropolitanRead MoreThe Role Of Photographer As An Agent For The Environment1228 Words   |  5 Pages and will continue to do so. Evolution of Change This book has presented the evolution of photographer as an agent for just causes and the environment is no exception. I started with the historical developments and ideological importance of the photograph as a social construction (see Ch. 1). I offered a reflection of past practices of social documentation to arrive at photos constructed purposefully to shed light on some aspect of society and advocate for social reform. Discussed in Chapter 2Read MoreMarijuana Use Through Western History905 Words   |  4 Pagesrecreationally. It has and continues to play an important role in Western History. How did marijuana evolve from being a highly regarded industrial product to being used religiously, medicinally and recreationally? This research paper will trace the evolution of marijuana use through Western History with a focus on its use in various countries, and conclude with the recent controversy in North America about the use of medical marijuana. Industrial Use Many centuries before widespread recreational marijuanaRead MoreGlobalisation and the Economic Impact on Small Island States: Caribbean2195 Words   |  9 PagesImpact on Small Island States: Caribbean January 6th 2011 Kole’ Mascoll Student ID: COPY [1] Globalisation and the Economic impact on small island states: Caribbean This paper conducts an analysis of Small Island States of the Caribbean, the Economic effects of Globalisation and addresses both the macroeconomic and microeconomic issues. The paper will begin by defining globalization from a generic perspective and then focus more specifically on Caribbean. In addition, the paper willRead MoreCaribbean Studies Syllabus5959 Words   |  24 PagesMODULE 1: CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE OVERVIEW Module 1 introduces students to the role played by geography in shaping the society and culture of the Caribbean region as well as the historical evolution of Caribbean society, the cultural characteristics of the Caribbean people, and the ways in which Caribbean society and culture influence and are influenced by societies and cultures outside the region. GENERAL OBJECTIVES On completion of this Module, students should: 1. Understand the factors whichRead More The Effect of Slavery on the Identity of Cuba Essay2124 Words   |  9 PagesIdentity of Cuba The Caribbean is a diverse region with a unique history. The progress and advancement of each island complied with the European country in control of it at the time. The Caribbean was conquered and colonized soon after Columbus’ discovery in 1492. 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The original doctrine of Manifest Destiny, which emerged in the 1840s to accompany westward continental expansion, advocatedRead MoreFour approaches to the political economy development of Latin America1734 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States strategy of appealing to the old Monroe Doctrine to justify its interventionist policy in Latin America, under the premises of â€Å"solidarity with fellow Americans†. Loveman based his analysis on the idea that the United States is indeed the hegemonic power, and from a Realist point of view describes the origin, execution, and impact of U.S foreign policy towards Latin America, the way these policies have changed to meet new circumstances -such as the threat of rising communists movementsRead MoreDevelopment Administration5324 Words   |  22 PagesAdministration as it relates to public administratio n in the Commonwealth Caribbean. It will seek to elucidate thought and provoke discussion on the topic by first of all taking a journey back to the period of colonial rule and the historical antecedents that impacted administration during that period. It will take a cursory glance at the independence period and the course of development taken by some of the Commonwealth Caribbean, utilizing mainly the Trinidad and Tobago experience (because of theRead MoreDevelopment Administration5338 Words   |  22 PagesAdministration as it relates to public administration in the Commonwealth Caribbean. It will seek to elucidate thought and provoke discussion on the topic by first of all taking a journey back to the period of colonial rule and the historical antecedents that impacted administration during that period. It will take a cursory glance at the independence period and the course of development taken by some of the Commonwealth Caribbean, utilizing mainly the Trinidad and Tobago experience (because of the exigencies

Youth Culture And Subculture Developed - 1313 Words

Youth culture existed before the Second World War and it did not suddenly appear after 1945. However, it emerged after that time for various reasons that will be explained later on this essay. There were many factors of how youth culture and subculture developed such as: demographic changes, National Service, education and raising the school leaving age, the economic period and music. And these factors also helped shape people’s experiences of them. B Demographic changes were the first and one of the reasons why youth culture created such anxiety. Because of survived married soldiers coming back from the Second World War, there was a ‘baby boom’, which meant that the number of people under twenty grew from 3 million in 1951 to 4 million in 1966. (Osgerby, 2005) B There were two changes that happened and established youth as a group with certain needs and problems. The first one was Butler’s education act of 1944, and that raised the school leaving age from 12 to 14. Further changes were made in 1947 raising it to 15 and 16 in 1972. Which meant that it allowed children to go to secondary school. The second change was the development of youth services such as youth clubs, which made these young people do something useful in their leisure. (Osgerby, 2005) B Another factor that helped shape the development of youth culture was the introduction of the National Service in 1948 and that conscriptedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Youth Culture1434 Words   |  6 PagesEssay on Youth Culture The 60’s and 70’s saw the rise of youth culture. Youth culture can be seen as a particular pattern of beliefs, values, symbols and activities that a group of young people are seen to share. Along with the rise of youth culture came the theories developed on it. The theories developed in the 60’s were mainly functionalism. Functionalists believe that society or a social structure is like a biological structure and that all social institutions function for the survivalRead MoreHip Hop Rap Music And Subculture1643 Words   |  7 Pagesand Subculture The topic I have chosen for this review is the association between a particular music genre and a subculture. In particular, the issue of focus is the association of the hip-hop rap genre with the black youth subculture in America. As a youth subculture, hip-hop emerged in the 1970s from New York City’s borough of the Bronx. The African American community was the root of the music genre, which gained popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. As part of its growth, the genre developed itsRead MoreSubculture And Its Impact On Society1426 Words   |  6 Pages Subculture refers to a minority of individuals who adhere to different rules, dress codes and lifestyle choices from mainstream culture. Throughout this essay the traditional definitions of subcultures, that mainly concentrate on class and style as their main features, will be looked at and explained. It will then be demonstrated how these ways of thinking are no longer relevant to the 21st century therefore the term subculture needs to be rethought for it to be an applicable category in theRead MoreHip Hop: The Method of Expression1099 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the impoverished section of Bronx, New York arose a youth culture that spread throughout the community like wild fire. Within the gang-ridden, drug-infested streets, a depravation of creativity forced underprivileged African American youths onto the streets in search of an output for their imagination. It was within these streets that hip-hop appeared as the product of independence, self-realization, creativity, and pri de. Hip-hop began between the transformations from the late 1960’s toRead MoreThe Youth Culture Of Punk1710 Words   |  7 PagesYouth cultures have been subject to a variety of changes since their emergence. Youth cultures that have endured such profound change include rockers, flappers, punks, hippies and skinheads. In this essay I have decided to focus solely on the youth culture of punk, and the differences it has been subject to when the subculture first emerged compared to in a contemporary context. In doing this I have decided to include information about the emergence and origins of punk, features or style of the punkRead MoreEssay about Graffiti Artists: Silent Writers1650 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the impoverished urban streets arose a youth culture captivated by infamy and self-pride. A youth culture virtually undistinguishable from members of modern society with a passion, setting them apart from the community. 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In the UK, a preoccupation with the idea that future crime was determined by juvenile delinquency came about as a result of the 1895 UK Gladstone Committee, wherein research focused on gang culture among young males (aged 16-25). Deviance is perceived by sub-cultural theorists as a product of a subculture of delinquencyRead MorePunk Subculture1702 Words   |  7 Pagesmechanized into living where they live. Concerned with the erosion of identify and distinct ways of life, large quantities of subculture emergedï ¼Å'especially in the late 1960s and 1970s. Bourdieu has already coined the term ‘cultural capital’ to explicate the cultural asserts available within society. As provided with unique habitus and subcultural production, diverse subcultures often distinct through different subcultural capitals. This essay will interpret the notion of ‘subcultural capital’ thoroughly

Jeffersonian Republicans vs. Federalists Free Essays

In regards to the United States constitution, Jeffersonian Republicans have been known as strict constructionists who had a narrow interpretation of the constitution following it to an extreme power. This was in opposition to the Federalists who had often followed a loose construction policy. And to a certain extent, the characterization of both of these parties was for the most part accurate during the presidencies of both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. We will write a custom essay sample on Jeffersonian Republicans vs. Federalists or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though these parties stay pretty true to popular beliefs, with Jeffersonian Republicans being strict and Federalists being loose, at time this was proven to be in fact false. Thomas Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republicans had become widely known as a strict constructionists even prior to the election of Jefferson. This is shown in a letter that Jefferson wrote to his colleague, and future cabinet member Gideon Granger which shows his true support for power to the states (Doc A. ) The letter states his strong feelings against the power that the federal government held because he was fearful that if the federal government gained too much power and the states had too little power, then we would almost be creating a monarchy in the United States like Great Britain had done. Another prime example of his ideas of stronger state governments were stated in his letter to Samuel Miller in 1808 (Doc B. ) Jefferson firmly believed that he had no business in involving himself with religious activities as president as the Constitution had made no mention of such activities and therefore followed his strict construction principle by delegating those powers to the states. However, though Jefferson was a man who was mostly stuck to his principles of strict construction, there were often times were he would abandon his beliefs for what he believed was better for the nation. A prime example of such was during the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson had to make the final call on whether or not to take this giant mass of land and double the size of the United States, though he faced one major problem. Nowhere in the constitution did it state that Jefferson could solely purchase land for the country without consent, which forced him loosely interpret the constitution and use the â€Å"elastic clause† because this was believed to be necessary and proper for the nation. During Madison’s presidency, he also was able to stick to his principles of Jeffersonian Republicanism to a certain extent. In 1817, James Madison had addressed Congress following his vetoing of an Internal Improvements Bill due to his views of strict construction (Doc H. ) He believed that though this bill would in some respects help the country, the president was not given direct consent by the constitution to create roads and canals and control commerce. His belief in strict construction had forced him to make the ultimate decision of vetoing the bill. Henceforth, though Jefferson and Madison did mostly follow closely to the beliefs that Jeffersonian Republican party were founded on, they did not fully carry them out with some actions not corresponding to the initial ideals. The Jeffersonian Republican party was not the only party that had to wiggle their way around their initial ideas as the Federalist party was also partially facing difficulties at times. In 1814, when Congress was discussing a conscription bill that would enforce a draft of all men into the army, Daniel Webster (federalist) had violated his loose construction policy in an effort to fight this bill (Doc D. ) Webster had argued that nowhere in the constitution was it stated that a draft could be created and if such a law was passed, Congress would also have the power to create a dictator as well. Though he did believe in the idea that all Americans followed that went against a dictatorship, he abandoned his federalist ideas of loose construction in order to avoid a draft, even though it may have been â€Å"necessary and proper†. Federalists were also having troubles in their party when they publically made their troubles clear during the Hartford Convention in 1815 (Doc E. ) Federalists had almost clearly trashed their party ideas and sided with the Jeffersonian Republicans when in many of their remarks they had called for a weak central government. For example, when the Embargo Act was destroying the American economy, the Federalists wanted to take away power from Congress by creating an amendment which would take away all embargos and any trade with any foreign country without a two-thirds majority of both houses. Usually they would be against this as they believed in a strong central government, but they completely contradicted themselves at the Hartford Convention making no progress and eventually the downfall of the Federalist party. Therefore, the Federalists had an extremely hard time staying true to their own ideals. The Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans had developed a polar opposite view of the constitution and government. One had devoted their views to strong state government and the other to strong central government. Jeffersonian Republicans (led by Jefferson and Madison), though wanting to stick to their ideas, faced much adversity when wanting to remain strict constructionists. Yet fortunately for them they proved the characterization of their party to be for the most part accurate. The Federalists did face much more problems as they would often contradict themselves and abandon their policies of loose constructions as shown during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison. It is almost impossible to follow a party’s principles to an extreme extent, as seen by both parties, so it is necessary for both to adjust to find a balance that would ultimately benefit the people of the nation. How to cite Jeffersonian Republicans vs. Federalists, Papers

Jean Valjean was an alluring hero of Les Miserable Essay Example For Students

Jean Valjean was an alluring hero of Les Miserable Essay s for many reasons, one of which was his drastic conversion from a miserable criminal into a heroic, peaceful man. Jean Valjean seems like a three dimensional character at first. But deep inside his emotions he shows a defined viewpoint on life making him a flat character. One of the most compassionate things he did was guarding Cossette and treating her as if she were his own daughter. He is the main character, therefore there would essentially be no plot without him. His several journeys span across a length of twenty years. He is an extremely strong man. Sometimes his strength was a burden put upon him. His charisma and superhuman qualities make his character a figment of romanticism. Valjean was born a decent human being. Unfortunately he was born into poverty, which forced him to steal in order to survive. After getting caught stealing a loaf of bread he was imprisoned. A few years later he is caught after escaping, he is then sent to the galleys for 19 years. He later escapes from there to goto a town where he was not wanted. Still a criminal he steals some silverware from a kind priest who gave him shelter. When caught, the police ask the priest if Jean stole the silverware. To everyones surprise the priest said it was a gift this started his conversion toward a good life. After this he tried to live a peaceful life. He started a new factory in a new town employing several. Then a man in a city nearby was arrested under the name Jean Valjean. Jean was faced with a tough choice. Rather than letting the other man take the wrap for him, he chose to admit his identity to save the innocent man. Later, he rescued Cossette from her harsh life with the Thenardiers. He acted as her father while she grew up. Throughout these years. Jean was faced with obstacles that made him choose between right and wrong. He always chose the right path. From this Jean expressed that he only saw right and wrong, black and white, which made him two dimensional. His life was lead one way, his personality proved to respond one way, and his relevance to the story was set out in one way. This way was the way that things were done justly in his mind. His relevence to the entire structure of the story set aside from being the main character was crucial. He was portrayed as both the hero and the miserable.